Template:Cite AV media notes
 | This template uses Lua: |
| {{Cite arXiv}} | arXiv preprints |
|---|---|
| {{Cite AV media}} | audio and visual |
| {{Cite AV media notes}} | audio and visual liner notes |
| {{Cite bioRxiv}} | bioRxiv preprints |
| {{Cite book}} | books |
| {{Cite conference}} | conference papers |
| {{Cite encyclopedia}} | edited collections |
| {{Cite episode}} | radio or television episodes |
| {{Cite interview}} | interviews |
| {{Cite journal}} | academic journals and papers |
| {{Cite magazine}} | magazines, periodicals |
| {{Cite mailing list}} | public mailing lists |
| {{Cite map}} | maps |
| {{Cite news}} | news articles |
| {{Cite newsgroup}} | online newsgroups |
| {{Cite podcast}} | podcasts |
| {{Cite press release}} | press releases |
| {{Cite report}} | reports |
| {{Cite serial}} | audio or video serials |
| {{Cite sign}} | signs, plaques |
| {{Cite speech}} | speeches |
| {{Cite ssrn}} | articles with SSRN identifiers |
| {{Cite techreport}} | technical reports |
| {{Cite thesis}} | theses |
| {{Cite web}} | web sources not covered by the above |
| See also: | |
This Citation Style 1 template is used to create citations for print liner notes from albums, DVDs, CDs and similar audio-visual media. When citing the contents of the media, commentary, featurettes, etc., use {{Cite AV media}}.
Usage[edit]
Copy a blank version to use. All parameter names must be in lowercase. Use the "|" (pipe) character between each parameter. Delete unused parameters to avoid clutter in the edit window. Some samples may include the current date. If the date is not current, then the page.
|
| Vertical list | Prerequisites | Brief instructions / notes |
|---|---|---|
{{Cite AV media notes
| title =
| title-link =
| others =
| year =
| chapter =
| url =
| last =
| first =
| author-link =
| first2 =
| last2 =
| author-link2 =
| page =
| pages =
| at =
| type =
| publisher =
| id =
| location =
| ref =
}}
|
title last last last2 last last2 publisher |
Title of the notes; not necessarily the same as the title of the media Title of Wikipedia article about the media Artist, producers, etc. Titled chapter or section of the notes Author(s) of the notes Liner notes, booklet, etc.; defaults to Media notes Publisher's identifier |
- If a field name is listed in the Prerequisites column it is a prerequisite for the field to the left.
Examples[edit]
General[edit]
{{Cite AV media notes |title=Album Title |others=[[Artist]] |year=2024 |url=http://www.wikipedia.org |first=First |last=Last |page=1 |type=Type |publisher=Publisher |id=Publisher ID |location=Location}}
- Last, First (2024). Album Title (Type). Artist. Location: Publisher. p. 1. Publisher ID.
{{Cite AV media notes |title=Album Title |title-link=Album Title |others=[[Artist]] |year=2024 |url=http://www.wikipedia.org |first=First |last=Last |page=1 |type=Type |publisher=Publisher |id=Publisher ID |location=Location}}
- Last, First (2024). Album Title (Type). Artist. Location: Publisher. p. 1. Publisher ID.
Basic[edit]
{{Cite AV media notes |title=New Moon |title-link=New Moon (Elliott Smith album) |others=[[Elliott Smith]] |year=2007 |first=John |last=Doe |page=4 |type=booklet |publisher=Kill Rock Stars |id=KRS455 |location=Olympia, Washington}}
- Doe, John (2007). New Moon (booklet). Elliott Smith. Olympia, Washington: Kill Rock Stars. p. 4. KRS455.
With author[edit]
{{Cite AV media notes |title=Anthology 1 |title-link=Anthology 1 |others=[[The Beatles]] |year=1994 |first=Mark |last=Lewisohn |authorlink=Mark Lewisohn |page=2 |type=booklet |publisher=Apple Records |id=34448 |location=London}}
- Lewisohn, Mark (1994). Anthology 1 (booklet). The Beatles. London: Apple Records. p. 2. 34448.
With chapter[edit]
{{Cite AV media notes |title=Anthology 1 |title-link=Anthology 1 |others=[[The Beatles]] |year=1994 |chapter=Making Anthology 1 |chapter-url=http://www.wikipedia.org |first=Mark |last=Lewisohn |authorlink=Mark Lewisohn |page=2 |type=booklet |publisher=Apple Records |id=34448 |location=London}}
- Lewisohn, Mark (1994). "Making Anthology 1". Anthology 1 (booklet). The Beatles. London: Apple Records. p. 2. 34448.
With multiple authors[edit]
{{Cite AV media notes |title=Anthology 1 |title-link=Anthology 1 |others=[[The Beatles]] |year=1994 |first=Mark |last=Lewisohn |author-link=Mark Lewisohn |last2=Martin |first2=George |author-link2=George Martin |page=2 |type=booklet |publisher=Apple Records |id=34448 |location=London}}
- Lewisohn, Mark; Martin, George (1994). Anthology 1 (booklet). The Beatles. London: Apple Records. p. 2. 34448.
Parameters[edit]
Syntax[edit]
Nested parameters rely on their parent parameters:
- parent
- OR: parent2—may be used instead of parent
- child—may be used with parent (and is ignored if parent is not used)
- OR: child2—may be used instead of child (and is ignored if parent2 is not used)
- Where aliases are listed, only one of the parameters may be defined; if multiple aliased parameters are defined, then only one will show.
By default, sets of fields are terminated with a period (.). This can be an issue when the last field uses an abbreviation or initial that ends with a period, as then two periods will display (..). The only solution is to not include the last period in the value for the set of fields.
COinS[edit]
This template embeds COinS metadata in the HTML output, allowing reference management software to retrieve bibliographic metadata. As a general rule, only one data item per parameter. Do not include explanatory or alternate text:
- Use
|date=27 September 2007not|date=27 September 2007 (print version 25 September)
Use of templates within the citation template, is generally discouraged as many of these templates will add a lot of extraneous HTML or CSS that will be rendered in the metadata. Also, HTML entities, for example , –, etc, should not be used in parameters that contribute to the metadata.
COinS metadata is created for these parameters:
|periodical=,|journal=,|newspaper=,|magazine=,|work=,|website=,|encyclopedia=,|encyclopaedia=,|dictionary=|chapter=,|contribution=,|entry=,|article=,|section=|title=|publicationplace=,|publication-place=|date=,|year=,|publicationdate=,|publication-date=|series=|volume=|issue=,|number=|page=,|pages=,|at=|edition=|publisher=,|distributor=,|institution=|url=|chapterurl=,|chapter-url=,|contributionurl=,|contribution-url=,|sectionurl=|author#=,|Author#=,|authors#=,|author#-last=,|author-last#=,|last#=,|surname#=- any of the identifiers (
|isbn=,|issn=,|doi=,|pmc=, etc)
Deprecated[edit]
None of the cs1|2 parameters is deprecated.
Description[edit]
Authors[edit]
- last: Surname of a single author. Do not wikilink—use author-link instead. For corporate authors or authors for whom only one name is listed by the source, use last or one of its aliases (e.g.
|author=Bono). Aliases: surname, author, last1, surname1, author1.- author: this parameter is used to hold the complete name of a single author (first and last) or to hold the name of a corporate author. This parameter should never hold the names of more than one author.
- first: Given or first names of author; for example: Firstname Middlename or Firstname M. or Firstname M., Sr. Do not wikilink—use author-link instead. Aliases: given, first1, given1. Requires last; first name will not display if last is empty.
- OR: for multiple authors, use last1, first1 through lastn, firstn, where n is any consecutive number for an unlimited number of authors (each firstn requires a corresponding lastn, but not the other way around). Aliases: surname1, given1 through surnamen, givenn, or author1 through authorn. For an individual author plus an institutional author, you can use
|first1=...|last1=...|author2=.... - author-link: Title of existing Festipedia article about the author—not the author's website; do not wikilink. Aliases: author-link1, authorlink, authorlink1, author1-link, author1link.
- OR: for multiple authors, use author-link1 through author-linkn. Aliases: authorlink1 through authorlinkn, or author1-link through authorn-link, or author1link through authornlink.
- name-list-format: displays authors and editors in Vancouver style when set to
vancand when the list useslast/firstparameters for the name list(s).
- vauthors: comma-separated list of author names in Vancouver style; enclose corporate or institutional author names in doubled parentheses:
|vauthors=Smythe JB, ((Megabux Corp.))
- author-link and author-mask may be used for the individual names in
|vauthors=as described above
- authors: Free-form list of author names; use of this parameter is discouraged because it does not contribute to a citation's metadata; not an alias of last.
- translator-last: Surname of translator. Do not wikilink—use translator-link instead. Aliases: translator-surname, translator1, translator1-last, translator-last1.
- translator-first: Given or first names of translator. Do not wikilink—use translator-link instead. Aliases: translator-given, translator1-first, translator-first1.
- OR: for multiple translators, use translator-last1, translator-first1 through translator-lastn, translator-firstn, where n is any consecutive number for an unlimited number of translators (each translator-firstn requires a corresponding translator-lastn, but not the other way around). Aliases: translator1-last, translator1-first through translatorn-last, translatorn-first, or translator1 through translatorn.
- translator-link: Title of existing Festipedia article about the translator—not the translator's website; do not wikilink. Aliases: translator-link1, translator1-link.
- OR: for multiple translators, use translator-link1 through translator-linkn. Aliases: translator1-link through translatorn-link.
- collaboration: Name of a group of authors or collaborators; requires author, last, or vauthors listing one or more primary authors; follows author name-list; appends "et al." to author name-list.
- others: To record other contributors to the work, including illustrators. For the parameter value, write Illustrated by John Smith.
Title[edit]
- title: Title of source. Can be wikilinked to an existing Festipedia article or url may be used to add an external link, but not both. Displays in italics. If script-title is defined, title holds romanized transliteration of title in script-title.
- script-title: Original title for languages that do not use a Latin-based alphabet (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese, etc); not italicized, follows italicized transliteration defined in title. May be prefixed with an ISO 639-1 two-character code to help browsers properly display the script:
... |title=Tōkyō tawā |script-title=ja:東京タワー |trans-title=Tokyo Tower ...
- trans-title: English translation of the title if the source cited is in a foreign language. Displays in square brackets after title; if url is defined, then trans-title is included in the link. Use of the language parameter is recommended.
- script-title: Original title for languages that do not use a Latin-based alphabet (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese, etc); not italicized, follows italicized transliteration defined in title. May be prefixed with an ISO 639-1 two-character code to help browsers properly display the script:
- Titles containing certain characters will not display and link correctly unless those characters are encoded.
| newline | [ | ] | | |
|---|---|---|---|
| space | [ | ] | {{!}} (preferred)
|
| {{bracket|text}} | | or {{pipe}} | ||
- title-link: Title of existing Festipedia article about the source named in title – do not use a web address; do not wikilink. Alias: titlelink.
- type: Provides additional information about the media type of the source; format in sentence case. Displays in parentheses following the title. Defaults to Media notes.
- language: The language in which the source is written. Displays in parentheses with "in" before the language name or names. Use the full language name or the proper language code. When the source uses more than one language, list them individually, separated by commas, e.g.
|language=French, German. Note: When the language is "English" (or "en"), no language is displayed in the citation. Note: When two or more languages are listed there is no need to include "and" before the last language. "and" is inserted automatically by the template. Aliases: lang
Date[edit]
- date: Date of source being referenced. Can be full date (day, month, and year) or partial date (month and year, season and year, or year). Use same format as other publication dates in the citations.[date 1] Required when year is used to disambiguate {{sfn}} links to multiple-work citations by the same author in the same year.[more] Do not wikilink. Displays after the authors and is enclosed in parentheses. If there is no author, then displays after publisher.
- For approximate year, precede with "
c.", like this:|date=c. 1900.
- For no date, or "undated", add as
|date=n.d.
- year: Year of source being referenced. Use of
|date=is recommended unless all of the following conditions are met:- The template uses
|ref=harv, or the template is {{citation}}, or|mode=cs2 - The
|date=format is YYYY-MM-DD. - The citation requires a
CITEREFdisambiguator.
- The template uses
- orig-year: Original publication year; displays after the date or year. For clarity, please supply specifics. For example:
|orig-year=First published 1859or|orig-year=Composed 1904. Alias: origyear - df: date format; sets rendered dates to the specified format; does not support date ranges or seasonal dates. Accepts one value which may be one of these:
dmy– set publication dates to day month year format; access- and archive-dates are not modified;mdy– as above for month day, year formatymd– as above for year initial numeric format YYYY-MM-DDdmy-all– set publication, access-, and archive-dates to day month year format;mdy-all– as above for month day, year formatymd-all– as above for year initial numeric format YYYY-MM-DD
- ^ Publication dates in references within an article should all have the same format. This may be a different format from that used for archive and access dates.
Publisher[edit]
- publisher: Name of publisher; may be wikilinked if relevant. The publisher is the company that publishes the work being cited. Do not use the publisher parameter for the name of a work (e.g., a book, encyclopedia, newspaper, magazine, journal, website). Not normally used for periodicals. Corporate designations such as "Ltd", "Inc" or "GmbH" are not usually included. Omit where the publisher's name is substantially the same as the name of the work (for example, The New York Times Co. publishes The New York Times newspaper, so there is no reason to name the publisher). Displays after title; if work is defined, then publisher is enclosed in parentheses.
- place: Geographical place of publication; generally not wikilinked; omit when the name of the work includes the location; examples: The Boston Globe, The Times of India. Displays after the title; if work is defined, then location is enclosed in parentheses. Alias: location
- publication-place: If any one of publication-place, place or location are defined, then the location shows after the title; if publication-place and place or location are defined, then place or location are shown before the title prefixed with "written at" and publication-place is shown after the title.
- publication-date: Date of publication when different from the date the work was written. Displays only if year or date are defined and only if different, else publication-date is used and displayed as date. Use the same format as other dates in the article; do not wikilink. Follows publisher; if work is not defined, then publication-date is preceded by "published" and enclosed in parenthesis.
- via: Name of the content deliverer (if different from publisher) that presents the source in a format other than the original (e.g. NewsBank); or when the URL provided does not make clear the identity of the deliverer; or where no URL or DOI is available (EBSCO); or if the deliverer requests attribution.
|via=permits adding a level of detail to "say where you found it" within the syntax of the citation template.|via=is not intended to replace|publisher=. See also|registration=and|subscription=.
Edition, series, volume[edit]
- edition: When the publication has more than one edition; for example: "2nd", "Revised" etc. Displays " ed." after this field, so
|edition=2ndproduces "2nd ed." Does not display if a periodical field is defined.
- series or version: When the source is part of a series, such as a book series or a journal where the issue numbering has restarted.
- volume: For one publication published in several volumes. Displays after the title and series fields; displays in bold— if bolding is not desired, then include the volume information in the title field.
In-source locations[edit]
- page: The number of a single page in the source that supports the content. Use either
|page=or|pages=, but not both. Displays preceded byp.|nopp=y. - OR: pages: A range of pages in the source that supports the content. Use either
|page=or|pages=, but not both. Separate using an en dash (–); separate non-sequential pages with a comma (,); do not use to indicate the total number of pages in the source. Displays preceded bypp.|nopp=y.- nopp: Set to y to suppress the
p.pp.|page=Front cover.
- nopp: Set to y to suppress the
- OR: at: For sources where a page number is inappropriate or insufficient. Overridden by
|page=or|pages=. Use only one of|page=,|pages=, or|at=.
- Examples: page (p.) or pages (pp.); section (sec.), column (col.), paragraph (para.); track; hours, minutes and seconds; act, scene, canto, book, part, folio, stanza, back cover, liner notes, indicia, colophon, dust jacket, verse.
URL[edit]
- url: URL of an online location where the text of the publication can be found. Cannot be used if title is wikilinked. If applicable, the link may point to the specific page(s) referenced. Remove spurious tracking parameters from URLs, e.g.
#ixzz2rBr3aO94or?utm_source=google&utm_medium=...&utm_term=...&utm_campaign=.... Do not link to any commercial booksellers, such as Amazon.com.- access-date: Full date when original URL was accessed; use the same format as other access and archive dates in the citations; requires url.[date 1] Do not wikilink. Not required for web pages or linked documents that do not change; mainly for use of web pages that change frequently or have no publication date. Can be hidden or styled by registered editors.
- archive-url: The URL of an archived copy of a web page, if or in case the url becomes unavailable. Typically used to refer to services like WebCite and Internet Archive; requires archive-date and url.
- archive-date: Date when the original URL was archived; preceded by default text "archived from the original on". Use the same format as other access and archive dates in the citations. This does not necessarily have to be the same format that was used for citing publication dates.[date 1] Do not wikilink.
- deadurl: When the URL is still live, but pre-emptively archived, then set
|deadurl=no. This changes the display order with the title retaining the original link and the archive linked at the end.
- template doc demo: The archive parameters will be error checked to ensure that all the required parameters are included, or else {{citation error}} is invoked. With errors, main, help and template pages are placed into Category:Articles with incorrect citation syntax. Set
|template doc demo=trueto disable categorization; mainly used for documentation where the error is demonstrated.
- format: Format of the work referred to by url; for example: PDF, DOC, or XLS; displayed in parentheses after title. HTML is implied and should not be specified. Does not change the external link icon. Note: External link icons do not include alt text; thus, they do not add format information for the visually impaired.
- URLs must begin with a supported URI scheme.
http://andhttps://will be supported by all browsers; however,ftp://,gopher://,irc://,ircs://,mailto:andnews:will require a plug-in or an external application and should normally be avoided. IPv6 host-names are currently not supported. - If URLs in citation template parameters contain certain characters, then they will not display and link correctly. Those characters need to be percent-encoded. For example, a space must be replaced by
%20. To encode the URL, replace the following characters with:
| sp | " | ' | < | > | [ | ] | { | | | } |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| %20 | %22 | %27 | %3c | %3e | %5b | %5d | %7b | %7c | %7d |
- Single apostrophes do not need to be encoded; however, unencoded multiples will be parsed as italic or bold markup. Single curly closing braces also do not need to be encoded; however, an unencoded pair will be parsed as the double closing braces for the template transclusion.
Anchor[edit]
- ref: ID for anchor. By default, no anchor is generated. The ordinary nonempty value
|ref=IDgenerates an anchor with the given ID; such a linkable reference can be made the target of wikilinks to full references, especially useful in short citations like shortened notes and parenthetical referencing.
Identifiers[edit]
- id: A unique identifier, used where none of the specialized identifiers are applicable; wikilink or use a template as applicable.
These identifiers create links and are designed to accept a single value. Using multiple values or other text will break the link and/or invalidate the identifier. In general, the parameters should include only the variable part of the identifier, e.g. rfc=822 or pmc=345678.
- arxiv: arXiv identifier; for example:
arxiv=hep-th/9205027(before April 2007) orarxiv=0706.0001(since April 2007) - asin: Amazon Standard Identification Number
- asin-tld: ASIN top-level domain for Amazon sites other than the US; valid values:
ca,cn,co.jp,co.uk,de,es,fr,it
- asin-tld: ASIN top-level domain for Amazon sites other than the US; valid values:
- bibcode: Bibcode; used by a number of astronomical data systems; for example:
1974AJ.....79..819H - doi: Digital object identifier; for example:
10.1038/news070508-7. It is checked to ensure it begins with (10.- doi_brokendate: Date the DOI is broken; use the same format as other dates in the article.
- isbn: International Standard Book Number; for example:
978-0-8126-9593-9. Dashes in the ISBN are optional, but preferred. Use the ISBN actually printed on or in the book. Use the 13-digit ISBN – beginning with 978 or 979 – when it is available. If only a 10 digit ISBN is printed on or in the book, use it. ISBNs can be found on the page with the publisher's information – usually the back to the title page – or beneath the barcode as a number beginning with 978 or 979 (barcodes beginning with any other numbers are not ISBNs). For sources with the older 9 digit SBN system, prefix the number with a zero; thus, SBN 902888-45-5 should be entered as|isbn=0-902888-45-5. Do not convert a 10 digit ISBN to 13 digit by just adding the 978 prefix; the last digit is a calculated check digit and just making changes to the numbers will make the ISBN invalid. This parameter should hold only the ISBN without any additional characters. It is checked for length, invalid characters – anything other than [0123456789 -] with "X" permitted as the last character in a 10 digit ISBN – and the proper check digit. Alias: ISBN - issn: International Standard Serial Number; eight characters may be split into two groups of four using a hyphen, but not an en dash or a space.
- jfm: Jahrbuch über die Fortschritte der Mathematik
- jstor: JSTOR abstract; for example: "
jstor=3793107" will generate JSTOR 3793107. - lccn: Library of Congress Control Number. A certain amount of reformatting may be necessary, such as the use of one or more zeroes instead of a hyphen; for example, if the book shows "Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 89-61500", this would be entered as
|lccn=89061500. Help with formatting may be found at LCCN (Library of Congress Control Number) and How does LCCN Permalink normalize LCCNs? - mr: Mathematical Reviews
- oclc: OCLC
- ol: Open Library
- osti: Office of Scientific and Technical Information
- pmc: PubMed Central; use article number for full-text free repository of a journal article. E.g.
pmc=345678 - pmid: PubMed; use unique identifier.
- rfc: Request for Comments
- ssrn: Social Science Research Network
- zbl: Zentralblatt MATH
Quote[edit]
- quote: Relevant text quoted from the source. Displays enclosed in quotes. When supplied, the citation terminator (a period by default) is suppressed, so the quote needs to include terminating punctuation.
Editors[edit]
- editor-last: Surname of editor. Do not wikilink—use editor-link instead. Where the surname is usually written first—as in Chinese—or for corporate authors, simply use editor-last to include the same format as the source. Aliases: editor1-last, editor, editors.
- editor-first: Given or first names of editor, including title(s); example: Firstname Middlename or Firstname M. or Dr. Firstname M., Sr. Do not wikilink—use editor-link instead. Aliases: editor1-first.
- OR: for multiple editors, use editor1-last, editor1-first through editor4-last, editor4-first for up to four editors.
- editor-link: Title of existing Festipedia article about the editor—not the editor's website; do not wikilink. Aliases: editor1-link.
- OR: for multiple editors, use editor1-link through editor4-link.
- Display:
- If authors: Authors are first, followed by the editors and the included work, then the main work.
- If no authors: Editors appear before the included work; a single editor is followed by "ed."; multiple editors are followed by "eds."; more than three editors will be followed by "et al., eds."
Laysummary[edit]
- layurl: URL link to a non-technical summary or review of the source; the URL title is set to "Lay summary". Aliases: laysummary.
- laysource: Name of the source of the laysummary. Displays in italics and preceded by an endash.
- laydate: Date of the summary. Displays in parentheses.
Display options[edit]
- author-mask: Replaces the name of the first author with em dashes or text. Set author-mask to a numeric value n to set the dash n em spaces wide; set author-mask to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, "with". You must still include the values for all authors for metadata purposes. Primarily intended for use with bibliographies or bibliography styles where multiple works by a single author are listed sequentially such as shortened footnotes. Do not use in a list generated by {{reflist}},
<references />or similar as there is no control of the order in which references are displayed. - author-name-separator: Controls the separator between last and first names; defaults to a comma and space (
,); if the parameter is present, but blank, no separator punctuation will be used; a space must be encoded as do not use an asterisk (*), colon (:) or hash (#) as they will be interpreted as wikimarkup. - author-separator: Controls the separator between authors; defaults to a semicolon and space (
;); if the parameter is present, but blank, no separator punctuation will be used; a space must be encoded as do not use an asterisk (*), colon (:) or hash (#) as they will be interpreted as wikimarkup. - display-authors: Controls the number of author names that are displayed when a citation is published. To control the displayed number of author names, set display-authors to the desired number. For example,
|display-authors=2will display only the first two authors in a citation. By default, the only the first eight cited authors are displayed; subsequent authors beyond eight are represented in the published citation by "et al." If a citation contains nine author names and one wishes all nine author names to display, "et al." may be suppressed by setting|display-authors=9. Aliases: displayauthors.
- lastauthoramp: Switches the separator between the last two names of the author list to space ampersand space (
&) when set to any value. Example:|lastauthoramp=yes - postscript: Controls the closing punctuation for a citation; defaults to a period (
.); if the parameter is present, but blank, no terminating punctuation will be used. Ignored if quote is defined. - separator: Controls the punctuation used to separate lists of authors, editors, etc. Defaults to a period (
.); if the parameter is present, but blank, no separator punctuation will be used; a space must be encoded as do not use an asterisk (*), colon (:) or hash (#) as they will be interpreted as wikimarkup.